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Pharma Tech Outlook | Friday, November 30, 2018
A recent report from the Office of Health Economics (OHE) showed the impact of medicines in delivering better clinical outcomes and improving quality of life with wider societal implications.
Developing medicines is a complicated business and can cost billions of pounds and can take decades, but, failures are an inevitable part of the discovery and development procedure. New medicine development involves research, development and approval.
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Drug discovery and development
Chemical compounds or biological molecules are the starting points of drug development. Compounds that have the potential for treatments faster are scanned using the latest technology quicker than before. AstraZeneca’s screening robot ‘NiCoLA-B’, launched in 2016, can test 300,000 compounds a day and find those chemicals with the slightest promise of being useful as a medicine.
Partnerships between the pharmaceutical industry, universities and charities to find potential medicines accelerate the research process. This stage can take up to four or five years, and about 22 percent of the total R&D budget as each compound has less than a 0.01 percent chance of success.
Pre-clinical research
Only about 10 to 20 compounds go into the pre-clinical phase. This is where scientists determine how safe a medicine might be through testing in cells and animals as well as using computational models.
Clinical research
Medicines developed from these 10 to 20 compounds go into Phase I of clinical trials, which includes about 20 to 100 volunteers. If medicines are successful here, they move onto Phase II and III, where people with the disease are tested. Together these three phases can take six or seven years and about 65 percent of the money. Post-licensing, phase IV clinical trials are held to help monitor the medicine’s safety and help clinicians get a better understanding of how the medicine works in everyday life.
Approval
Once the regulators authorize the medicine to be safe and effective, it is continually monitored once it starts being prescribed to patients. This stage takes anywhere from six months to two years.
The future looks exciting as the pharmaceutical industry is pioneering new ways to find treatments. Advancements in medical technology and the miniaturization of diagnostics, wearables and devices will have a significant impact on people's lives—helping people with chronic diseases to remain out of the hospital.
Advancements in understanding how cells monitor and repair damaged DNA has enabled progress in immuno-oncology. Artificial Intelligence and synthetic biology are being used for treating malaria, HIV and hepatitis. Gene-editing technology is identifying new disease targets, accelerating the discovery of novel treatments.
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