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Pharma Tech Outlook | Friday, August 20, 2021
Unlike traditional therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and irradiation, which target tumors directly, cancer immunotherapy uses the immune system to fight malignancies.
FREMONT, CA: Advancements in the molecular mechanisms carrying the immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment, as well as paradigm shifts in the cancer-immunity response cycle, have altered the landscape of cancer immunotherapy dramatically. However, one of the difficulties is minimizing the major side effects of systemic autoimmunity and autoinflammatory responses after immunotherapy. As a result, limiting immune system activation in healthy tissues is a very desirable solution to this problem. The problem can be solved via bioengineering and delivery technology.
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Unlike traditional therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and irradiation, which target tumors directly, cancer immunotherapy uses the immune system to fight malignancies. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs), Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell treatment, cytokines, and therapeutic vaccinations are the most common types of immunotherapy. Checkpoint inhibitors may be able to cure cancer now that important immune-suppressive mechanisms have been discovered.
CAR-T cells, which are autologous genetically modified T cells that directly mediate cancer identification and subsequent death via CARs binding to cancer antigenic sites, are an example of synthetic immunity that breaks the cancer-immunity cycle in a novel way. As the first immunomodulatory drugs used in the clinic to treat cancer, cytokines such as Interferon Alfa (IFN-α) and Interleukin 2 (IL-2) operate to alter the tumor microenvironment by increasing immune response. Therapeutic vaccinations provide cancer antigens and adjuvants to increase tumor-specific T cells. When immunosuppression is not as noticeable, they work well as a monotherapy.
Except for cancer vaccines, which have shown to be safe, the other three immunotherapies have shown unacceptably high immunotoxicity. These Adverse Effects (AEs) not only cause patients a great deal of agony, but they also hinder the progress of cancer immunotherapy. Furthermore, immunotherapy-related adverse events may limit drug dosage, resulting in decreased efficacy. Drug delivery technologies have helped to reduce the side effects of traditional medicines in recent decades.
Some of the methods, such as Doxil (liposomal doxorubicin) and Abraxane, have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (albumin-bound paclitaxel). Currently, intense research passion is concentrated on improving the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapies through delivery technologies; however, the safety of these medicines is often overlooked.
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